Elements Of International Competition in The Horn of Africa
Keywords:
Horn of Africa, international competition, international powers, regional powers, AfricaAbstract
The issue of conflict and competition between states is an old problem that has been renewed throughout history with changes in plans, strategies and instruments. However, in any case, the national interest represented in security and economy is at the top of the priorities of the countries in conflict or competition throughout history. When talking about national interest, strategically important places come to the fore. Here, it is impossible not to mention strategic places without associating them with natural resources and geographical locations, which are effective in the field of security and economy at the international level. The Horn of Africa region has all the strategic features mentioned above. For this reason, the importance of this region has not been lost in the eyes of international and regional powers for years. Thus, the story of the elements of international and regional competition in the Horn of Africa is the subject of this study.
References
Abdu, Muhammed Ali. (2012). Etiyopya-Türkiye İlişkileri: Karşılıklı Şüphe ve Anlaşmasızlıktan Karşılıklı Anlayış ve İşbirliğine. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü- Tarih Anabilim Dalı. s. 207.
Abdullah İdris, Muhammed. (1990). Eritre - Afrika Boynuzu’nun Volkanı. Eritre Kütüphanesi]. s. 16. عبد الله إدريس محمد، (1990)، ارتيريا بركان القرن الأفريقي، المكتبة الإرتيرية.
Abdurrahim, Sıradağ. (2017). Türkiye-Somali İlişkileri: Sebepler, Dinamikler ve Meydan Okumalar. Sakarya: Ortadoğu Yıllığı (Ağustos 2017) İMAK Ofset Basım Yayın. s.704.
Adu, Boahen, A. (1987). Histoire Générale de l’Afrique: VII: l’Afrique sous Domination Coloniale, 1880-1935, Comité Scientifique International Pour la Rédaction d’une Histoire Générale de l’Afrique. UNESCO. s. 22.
Aglionby, J. (2017). Djibouti Finalising Deal for Saudi Arabian Military Base. Financial Times. (17 Jan. 2017).
Al-Nur, Hamad. (2013). Araplar ve Afrika Boynuzu: Komşuluk Diyalektiği. Beyrut: Arap Araştırma ve Politika Araştırmaları Merkezi]. ss. 584-586.
النور حمد، وآخرون، (٢٠١٣)، العرب والقرن الأفريقي: جدلية الجوار والانتماء، ، المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، ط١ ، بيروت
Ariel, Farrar-Wellman. (2010). Somalia-Iran Foreign Relations. AEI Iran Tracker. (May 9, 2010).
Ayman, Asseyid Shabana. (2005). Afrika’da İran Siyaseti: Yeni Ufuklar. Uluslararası Politika Dergisi. (Sayı 160, Nisan 2005). s. 26.
أيمن، السيد شبانة، (٢٠٠٥)، السياسة الإيرانية في أفريقيا: آفاق جديدة، مجلة السياسة الدولية، العدد ١٦٠ ، القاهرة ،أبريل ٢٠٠٥،
Azizah, Tarik. (2017). Çin’in Yükselişi Işığında Asya’daki ABD Stratejisi. Hermon Çağdaş Araştırmalar Merkezi]. s. 14.
عزيزة طارق، (٢٠١٧)، إستراتيجية الولايات المتحدة في أسيا في ظل النهوض الصيني، مركز حرمون للدراسات المعاصرة
Benjamin, Beit-Hallahmi. (1987). The Israeli Connection: Who Israel Arms and Why. New York: Pantheon. s. 52.
China Daily. (2018). Highlights from Xi’s Speech at FOCAC Beijing Summit Sept 3, 2018. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/03/WS5b8cfb83a310add14f389529.html sayfasından erişilmiştir.
Charles, A. Kupchan. (2014). Unpacking Hegemony: The Social Foundations of Hierarchical Order: Power, Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ss. 19–60.
Daban, Cihan. (2017). Dekolonizasyon Süreci ve Sonrası Afrika. 2. B., Açılım Kitap. s. 155.
Dagne, Ted. (2008). Kenya: The December 2007 Elections and the Challenges Ahead. CRS Report for Congress sayfasından erişilmiştir. ss. 3-4.
David, B., (2000), The Dynamics of Global Governance, European Overseas Empires 1415-1980. New Haven NJ: Yale University Press. s. 2.
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. (2002). Stratejik Derinlik. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları. s. 208.
DATA. China-Africa Trade. http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade sayfasından erişilmiştir.
Degu, W. A. (2002). The State, The Crisis of State Institutions and Refugee Migration in The Horn of Africa: The Cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. University of Amsterdam, https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1062206/48477_UBA002000875_16.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. s. 182.
Ehud, Evriel. (1982). Some Minute Circumstances Memoire. The Jerusalem Quarterly 14, 1982. ss. 28-40.
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview with the Hommes d’Afrique Magazine. Moscow: March 5, 2018. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3106421 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
Gebru, T. (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. London: Yale University Press. s. 2.
Gérard, Prunier. (2016). La Corne de l’Afrique Dans l’orbite de la Guerre au Yémen. Le Monde Diplomatique. (Septembre 2016).
Gregory Alonso, Pirio., Robert, Pittelli. (2019). Putin and his Oligarchs in Africa: The Scramble for Economic and Military Leverage, Strategic Thinking on East Africa. (October 20, 2019). http://www.strathink.net/ethiopia/putin-and-his-oligarchs-in-africa-the-scramble-for-economic-and-military-leverage sayfasından erişilmiştir.
Haggai, Erlich. (1983). The Struggle Over Eritrea, 1962-1978: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa, Stanford. CA: Hoover Institution Press. ss. 103-04.
Hakan, Fidan., Bülent, Aras. (2010). The Return of Russia-Africa Relations. Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. December 2010, file:///C:/Users/Ahmad/Downloads/2.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. s. 51.
Hamdi, Abdel-Rahman. (2015). İsrail’in Afrika’ya Penetrasyonu. 1. B., Arap ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Forumu]. s. 79.
حمدي عبد الرحمن، (2015)، الإختراق الإسرائيلي لأفريقيا، منتدى العلاقات العربية والدولية.
Harry, Broadman. (2007). Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. Washington DC: World Bank. s. 6.
Harry, Verhoeven. (2018). The Gulf and the Horn: Changing Geographies of Security Interdependence and Competing Visions of Regional Order. Qatar, Doha: School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University in Qatar, Doha. s. 350.
Ian, Taylor. (2006). China’s Oil Diplomacy in Africa: International Affairs. C. 82, no. 5. ss. 937-959.
John, S., Badeau. (1968). The American Approach to the Arab World: Har Per and Row for the Council on Foreign Relations. New York. s. 15.
Khairuddin, Shamama. (t.y). 21. Yüzyılda Geleceğin Güçleri Arasındaki Stratejik İlişkiler. Cezayir: Kurtuba Kitap evi]. s. 721.
خير الدين شمامة، (2009)، العلاقات الإستراتيجية بين قوى المستقبل في القرن 21 . الجزائر، دار قرطبة.
LaVerle, Berry. (2015), Sudan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division Library of Congress: Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. s. 290.
Madowo, Larry. (2018). May in Africa: UK Prime Minister’s Mission to Woo Continent after Brexit, in: BBC-News. 28 August 2018.
Marks, Thomas A. (1974). Djibouti: France’s Strategic Toehold in Africa. African Affairs. (Vol. 73:290). ss. 95-104.
Mattia, C. Bertazzini. (2018). The Long-Term Impact of Italian Colonial Roads in The Horn of Africa 1935 2000. Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, Economic History Working Papers No: 272/2018, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/87074/1/WP272.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. ss. 4-7.
Maya, Khater. (t.y). Deniz Korsanlığı Suçunun Yasal Çerçevesi. Şam Üniversitesi Hukuk ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi, (c. 27, Sayı 4). s. 274.
مايا خاطر، القرصنة البحرية (٢٠١١)، “مجلة جامعة دمشق للعلوم القانونية والإقتصادية” المجلد 27 ، العدد الرابع.
Melahat, Yalçın. (2016). Türkiye Somali İlişkilerinde El-Şebab Örgütünün Etkisi. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi. (C. 4, No.2 2016). s. 32. http://dergipark.gov.tr/yalovabaccd sayfasından erişilmiştir. s.32.
Michael, Barsoum Azmy. (t.y). Sessiz Merkezli: Afrika’daki Çin Dilbilgisi Stratejisi, Mısır’ın Stratejik Araştırmaları]. s. 4.
مايكل برسوم عزمي، (ب،ت)، التمركز بصمت: إستراتيجية القواعد الصينية في إفريقيا ، شخصية مصر للدراسات الإستراتيجية. Middle East Monitor. Turkey Opens Largest Overseas Military Base in Somalia. 5 Oct. 2017.
Mirmohammad Sadeghi, S.M., Hajimineh, R. (2019). The Role of Iran’s “Soft Power” in Confronting Iranophobia. Tehran, Iran: Islamic Azad University. s. 221.
Mulugeta, Gebrehiwot Berhe., Liu, Hongwu. (2013). China-Africa Relation: Governance, Peace and Security, Institute for Peace and Security Studies. Ethiopia: Addis Ababa. s. 1.
Numan, Hazar. (2016). Türkiye Afrika İlişkileri: Türkiye’nin Dost Kıtaya Stratejisi. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları. ss. 142-143.
Oğultürk, Mehmet Cem,. (2019). Russia’s Renewed Interests in the Horn of Africa As a Traditional and Rising Power. (Vol. 2). Issue 1 (Russia’s Dual Roles in Global Politics as a Traditional Great Power and a Rising Power). Feb. 2019. ss. 121-143.
Osama, Abdel-Rahman. (2014). Afrika: Siyonist Amerikan-Şii Tehdidi. Hibatunnil Yayıncılık ve Dağıtım]. s. 200.
أسامة عبد الرحمن، (2014)، أفريقيا، والخطر الصهيو أمريكي- الشيعي، ط1، هبة النيل العربية للنشر والتوزيع، ص: 200
Rafe Ali, Al-Madani. (t.y). Çin’in Afrika Politikasında Yumuşak Diplomasi: Çin-Sudan İlişkileri Modeli 2000/2010. Ürdün: Dar Al Jinan, Yayıncılık ve Dağıtım]. s. 189.
رافع علي المدني ، (٢٠١٦)، الدبلوماسية الناعمة في السياسة الصينية تجاه افريقيا : العلاقات الصينية السودانية نموذجا: 2000/2010، دار الجنان للنشر والتوزيع، الأردن.
Serhat, Orakçı. (2018). Türkiye Afrika İlişkileri: Tarihi Süreç. Yaklaşımlar ve Beklentiler. İstanbul: Pelikan Basım. s. 185.
Sıradağ, A. (2014). Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy towards Africa: Pragmatism or Altruism. Afro Eurasian Studies. (Vol. 3). Issue:1. s. 107.
Steven, Kaplan., (1993). The Invention of Ethiopian Jews: Three Models. In: Cahiers d’études Africaines. (Vol. 33, n°132). s. 654.
Sudan Expels Iranian Diplomats and Closes Cultural Centers. (2014). The Guardian. (September 2, 2014).
Tevfik, Abdul Sadiq. (2013). Çin’in Afrika’daki Dış Politikasının Temel Direkleri. Arab Politics Magazine. Sayı 5, Kasım 2013]. s. 106.
توفيق عبد الصادق، (٢٠١٣)، مرتكزات السياسة الخارجية للصين في أفريقيا، مجلة سياسيات عربية، العدد 5، نوفمبر 2013.
Türkiye Cumhuriyet, Cumhurbaşkanlığı, İletişim Başkanlığı. Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: “Afrika Ülkeleriyle İlişkilerimizi Yoğunlaştırmakta Kararlıyız”. https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-afrika-ulkeleri-ile-iliskilerimizi sayfasından erişilmiştir.
Van der Plas, T. (2017). The Dutch in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84907763.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. s. 3.
Wael, I. (2008). Somali: Sömürgecilikten Kurtuluş ve Terörle Mücadele Öyküsü. Kahire: Mısır Kitaplar ve Ulusal Belgeler Genel Otoritesi]. ss. 48-49.
وائل إبراهيم الدسوفي يوسف، (٢٠٠٨ )، الصومال: قصة التحرر من الاستعمار والحرب على الإرهاب، ط١، الهيئة المصرية العامة لدار الكتب والوثائق القومية، القاهرة..
Woodward. Peter. (2002). The Horn of Africa: State, Politics and International Relations. London: Tauris & Co. Ltd, 6 Salem Road, London w2 4 BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010. s. 11.
Yahya H., Zoubir. (2006). la Politique Etrangère Américaine au Maghreb. Journal d’Etude des Relations Internationales au Moyen-Orient. (Vol I , N°1). Juillet 2006. ss. 124-125.
Yun, Sun. (2014). Africa in China’s Foreign Policy https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Africa-in-China-web_CMG7.pdf sayfasından erişilmiştir. s. 6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Interdisciplinary African Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
